Covid 19 happened and some cases were found in China before the end of the year,
even we just know a little about the epidemic at the first,but we were experienced to protect ourselves.
factory closed for CNY holidays earlier than usual being.
Wearing a mask that covers your mouth and nose can prevent those who have COVID-19 from spreading the virus to others. Recent evidence suggests that masks may even benefit the wearer, offering some level of protection against infections.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone age 2 years and older wear masks in public settings and around people who don’t live in the same household—when you can’t stay 6 feet apart from others.
Masks should be made of two or more layers of washable, breathable fabric and fit snugly on your face. “A quick and easy test is to hold your mask up to the light. If light passes through, it’s too thin,” Dr. Meyer says. “Masks only work when they cover the nose and mouth because that is where infected droplets are expelled and because the virus infects people through the mucous membranes in their nose and throat.”
COVID-19
spreads mainly among people who are within 6 feet of one another (about
two arms’ length) for a prolonged period (at least 15 minutes). Virus
transmission can occur when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or
talks, which releases droplets from the mouth or nose into the air. People can be asymptomatic and spread the virus without knowing that
they are sick, which makes it especially important to remain 6 feet away
from others, whether you are inside or outside. Plus, the more people
you interact with at a gathering and the longer time you spend
interacting with each, the higher your risk of becoming infected with
the virus by someone who has it. If you are attending an event or gathering of some kind, it’s also
important to be aware of the level of community transmission. One method
of estimating how high the risk may be is referred to as R0. “Pronounced ‘R naught,’ and also known as the reproduction number,
this is a measure of how fast a disease is spreading,” explains Onyema Ogbuagu, MBBCh,
a Yale Medicine infectious disease expert. “If the reproduction number
is 5.0, that means one infected person will spread the virus to an
average of five people. Therefore, the lower the rate, the safer it is.”
The R0 for COVID-19 is believed to be in the range of 1.4
to 2.9. For comparison, measles, which has the highest reproduction
number known among humans, ranges from 12 to 18. Seasonal influenza is
around 0.9 and 2.1. While R0 refers to the basic, or initial, reproduction number, there is another measurement called Rt, which is the current reproduction number and is the average number of people who become infected by an infectious person. If Rt is above 1.0, it spreads quickly. If it’s below 1.0, it will eventually stop spreading. You can check the number for each state here. Washing
your hands—and well—remains a key step to preventing COVID-19
infection. Wash your hands with soap often, and especially after you
have been in a public place or have blown your nose, coughed, or
sneezed, the CDC recommends. You should wash your hands for at least 20 seconds and lather the
back of your hands and scrub between all fingers, under all fingernails,
and reach up to the wrist, the CDC advises. After washing, dry them
completely (with an air dryer or paper towel) and avoid touching the
sink, faucet, door handles, or other objects. If no soap is available,
use a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol content, and rub the
sanitizer on your hands until they are dry. Though the CDC states that the primary way the virus spreads is
through close person-to-person contact, it may be possible to become
infected with COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the
virus on it and then touching your own mouth, nose, or eyes. Therefore, you should also wash your hands after touching anything
that may have been contaminated—such as a banister or door handle in a
public place—and before you touch your face. While the virus can survive for a short period on some surfaces, it
is unlikely to be spread from mail or from products or packaging, the
CDC says. Likewise, the risk of infection from food (that you cook, is
prepared in a restaurant, or is ordered via takeout) is considered to be
very low, as is the risk from food packaging or bags. Still, there is much that is unknown about the virus, and it remains
advisable to wash hands thoroughly after handling any food or products
that come into your home. Fall
and winter also bring holidays, when many families get together. This
can be especially tricky for those of us who live in parts of the
country where it will no longer be easy to gather outside. “After months
apart during this pandemic, families may be less willing to do a group
Zoom call,” says Dr. Meyer. “This may be a year where we need to get
creative and rethink how to celebrate together.” That may simply mean more planning for the holidays, Dr. Meyer says.
“Consider quarantining for 14 days prior to the event and/or having
everyone get tested for COVID-19 if tests are available in your
community,” she suggests. “If possible, limit gatherings to as few
people as possible—perhaps just immediate family and close friends. When
it is not possible to be outside, encourage your guests to wear masks
indoors. Consider spreading out food and eating areas so people are
distanced while eating with their masks down.” Remember that your elderly family members and those with other
medical conditions are most vulnerable to COVID-19, so take extra
measures to protect them, says Dr. Meyer. Although many restaurants offer outdoor dining, which experts say is the safer option, a recent CDC study
showed that adults with COVID-19 infections were twice as likely to
have visited a restaurant in the two weeks preceding their illness than
those without an infection. The study did not distinguish between indoor or outdoor dining, or
consider adherence to social distancing and mask use. (Those with
COVID-19 infections were more likely to report having dined out at
places where few other people were wearing masks or socially
distancing.) “If you are meeting with others at a restaurant and sharing tables
while eating, which does not allow for appropriate social distancing and
mask use, it provides opportunities for the virus to spread from person
to person,” Dr. Ogbuagu notes. “The probability of spreading infection
is higher with each additional person you are in contact with,
especially when people congregate.” While
you should avoid traveling if you can—as the CDC says staying home is
the best way to avoid COVID-19—sometimes, it is necessary. But before
you leave, you can check to see if the virus is spreading at your
destination. More cases at your destination increases your risk of
contracting the virus and spreading it to others. You can view each
state’s weekly number of cases here on the CDC web site. “Also, don’t forget to check the regulations for quarantining or
testing at your destination or for when you return home,” says Dr.
Meyer.
Whether you are traveling by car, plane, bus, or train, there are
precautions you can take along the way. The CDC has a detailed list of
recommendations for each mode of transportation that mostly follows the
advice listed above of practicing social distancing, wearing a mask,
and washing hands, but also includes specific advice for various
scenarios. Health officials are concerned about an influx of flu
and COVID-19 cases overwhelming hospitals. In the 2018-2019 flu season,
490,600 Americans were hospitalized for the flu, according to the CDC. Public health experts say this is not the year to skip the flu
vaccine. While measures to prevent COVID-19, including mask-wearing,
washing hands, and social distancing, can also protect against the flu,
the vaccine is especially important—and safe, doctors say. Though many people claim that the flu shot “gave them the flu,” it is
not possible to get infected with the influenza virus from the vaccine
itself, Dr. Meyer says. “The vaccine is made up of inactivated virus and
is designed to ‘tickle’ the immune system to respond to the real thing
when it sees it,” she explains. “The most common side effect from the
flu shot is soreness or redness at the site of the injection, which
resolves within a day or two.” The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone 6 months old and up. Talk to your doctor about finding a vaccine near you. Many
people will likely struggle to differentiate between the flu, the
common cold, and COVID-19, all of which have similar symptoms. For example, both COVID-19 and the flu can cause fever, shortness of
breath, fatigue, headache, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pain,
or body aches, as well as vomiting and diarrhea (though these last two
are more common in children). Meanwhile, colds may be milder than the
flu and are more likely to involve a runny or stuffy nose. One
difference, however, is that COVID-19 is associated with a loss of taste and smell. So, if you or someone in your family comes down with any of these symptoms, what should you do? “First, you should stay away from others as much as possible and
perform hand washing before you make contact with your face,” Dr.
Ogbuagu says. “And certainly go see a doctor or to the hospital if you
have serious symptoms, such as a high fever or shortness of breath.
Otherwise, getting a COVID-19 test at a testing facility near you would
help to define what type of respiratory illness you have and also how to
advise people you had been in contact with.” Parents, Dr. Meyer adds, will need to contact their children’s
pediatricians about these symptoms because otherwise their children
likely won’t be able to return to school. “I would also add that people who are older and have underlying
medical conditions should have a low threshold to seek care for any of
these symptoms,” she says. “Earlier is better, especially for influenza,
as we have antiviral medications that work if given within 72 hours of
the onset of symptoms.” You
should continue to seek any routine or emergency medical care or
treatments you need. Many health centers and doctors are offering telehealth appointments (via video or phone) and most have protocols to minimize risk of exposure to the coronavirus. Getting emergency care when you need it is especially important.
Earlier in the pandemic, pediatric and adult physicians reported fewer
emergency department visits, leading to a concern that patients were avoiding seeking care due to fears of contracting COVID-19. “As important as it is to continue to engage in care for known
medical issues, there is also a concern that people are falling behind
on their preventive healthcare, like getting routine procedures
including colonoscopies and pap smears, as well as vaccines,” Dr. Meyer
says. “Those other health issues don’t go away just because there is a
pandemic. Reach out to your primary care doctor if you’re unsure what
you are due to receive.” Many people are experiencing anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues
during the pandemic as it is a time of stress and uncertainty. All of
this is normal, say mental health experts, who recommend that you allow
yourself to embrace all emotions, including those that are unpleasant,
in order to better manage them. Experts advise limiting exposure to news if the events of the world are too much right now, practicing mindfulness (even just breathing exercises), eating healthy, and remaining physically active. For kids, who are still adjusting to a lack of play dates, canceled
activities, and different school schedules, parents can help by fully
listening to their concerns and providing age-appropriate answers to
their questions. By talking with kids about what they know and how they are doing, parents may be able to determine if further emotional support is needed. At a time when routines are disrupted and many people are working at home—where snacks are readily available—some may be gaining weight
(the so-called quarantine 15). Now more than ever, Yale Medicine
doctors recommend that you focus on eating a healthy diet, incorporating
regular exercise, getting good sleep, and finding healthy ways to manage stress. Meanwhile, obesity is
emerging as an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness—even
among younger patients. One study, which examined hospitalized COVID-19
patients under age 60, found that those with obesity were twice as
likely to require hospitalization and even more likely to need critical
care than those who did not have it. Given that an estimated 42% of
Americans have obesity (having a body mass index equal to or more than
30), this is important. It
is likely that COVID-19 will be with us for a while. “But with good
efforts to continue to follow the public health measures to protect each
other, and, hopefully, a successful vaccine in the future, there is a
light at the end of the tunnel,” Dr. Ogbuagu says. But even before a safe and effective vaccine is available, COVID-19
is a preventable disease, Dr. Meyer points out. “It just requires all of
us to do the hard work of practicing the behaviors—described above—to
keep our communities safe and healthy.” Note: Information provided in Yale Medicine articles is for
general informational purposes only. No content in the articles should
ever be used as a substitute for medical advice from your doctor or
other qualified clinician. Always seek the individual advice of your
health care provider with any questions you have regarding a medical
condition. 2. Stay socially distant
3. Keep washing your hands
4. Keep holiday gatherings small
5. Dine out carefully
6. Travel safely
7. Get your flu shot
8. Differentiate between flu, colds, and COVID-19
9. Seek routine medical care
10. Be mindful of your mental health
11. Watch your weight
12. Keep up the good (safety) work
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